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All dates in X years ago

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Life

• 13.8 bln – Big bang
• 4.5 bln – Earth is formed
• 3.7 bln – First life appears
• 3.5 bln – Photosynthesis
• 1.6 bln – first multi-cell organism
• 1 bln – origin of sex with single-celled eukaryotes
• 580 mln – beginning of the development of brain
• 543 mln – Eye and Cambrian explosion
• +1.1 bln – earth will become not habitable for life (cc Grabby Aliens)
• +5 bln - Sun will run out of fuel

Human

• 65 mln – Last common ancestor of all primates (the group that includes lemurs, monkeys and apes), living shortly after the dinosaur extinction
• 6.5 mln – A common ancestor of homo family with chimpanzee
• 2.5 mln – The invention of first tools
• 500k – First language (via Robin Hanson)
• 200k – Homo sapiens (still different skeleton, around this time also the invention of language)
• 100k – Beginning of the trade (see Matt Ridley TED talk), also our ancestors started to put valuable goods into their graves, suggesting beliefs in an afterlife. Such beliefs seem to go together with ancestor worship, and with shamans who specialize in religion. (via Robin Hanson)
• 50k – more complicated tools and arts